Global Leather and Allied Products Market Size, Share & Demand Report By Product Type (Leather Footwear, Leather Bags & Accessories, Apparel, Automotive Leather, Furniture Upholstery, Industrial Leather Products), By Source (Genuine, Synthetic, Bio-Based), By Application (Fashion, Footwear, Automotive, Furniture, Industrial), By Distribution Channel (Online, Offline, Brand Stores), By End User (Men, Women, Unisex) & Regional Forecasts, 2025–2030

Report Code: RI1156PUB
Last Updated : October, 2025
Author : Abigail Foster

Table of Contents

  1. Executive Summary
    1. Introduction
  2. Market Introduction
    1. Market Definition
    2. Scope of the Study
    3. Market Structure
  3. Research Methodology
    1. Primary Research
    2. Research Methodology
    3. Assumptions & Exclusions
    4. Secondary Data Sources
  4. Market Factor Analysis
    1. Value Chain Analysis: Leather and Allied Products Market
    2. Porters Five Forces Analysis
      1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
      2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
      3. Threat of Substitution
      4. Threat of New Entrants
      5. Competitive Rivalry
  5. Market Dynamics
    1. Drivers
    2. Restraints
    3. Opportunities
  6. Recent Trends Analysis
  7. Impact of COVID-19 on Leather and Allied Products Market
    1. Pre and Post Covid -19 Market Scenario Analysis
    2. Market Recovery Timeline and Challenge
    3. Measures Taken by Top Players
  8. Regulatory Landscape
  9. Leather and Allied Products Market, By Product Type
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type
    2. Leather Footwear
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Leather Apparel
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    5. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    6. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    7. Industrial Leather Products
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  10. Leather and Allied Products Market, By Source
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Source
    2. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  11. Leather and Allied Products Market, By Application
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Application
    2. Fashion & Apparel
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Footwear
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Automotive
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    5. Furniture
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    6. Industrial & Safety Equipment
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  12. Leather and Allied Products Market, By Distribution Channel
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel
    2. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Online E-commerce Platforms
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Brand-Owned Stores
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    5. Wholesale Distribution
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  13. Leather and Allied Products Market, By End User
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By End User
    2. Men
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Women
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Unisex
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  14. Regional Overview
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast
    2. North America
      1. Market Size and Forecast
        1. By Product Type
          1. Leather Footwear
            1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
              1. Leather Apparel
                1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                  1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                    1. Industrial Leather Products
                    2. By Source
                      1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                        1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                          1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                          2. By Application
                            1. Fashion & Apparel
                              1. Footwear
                                1. Automotive
                                  1. Furniture
                                    1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                    2. By Distribution Channel
                                      1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                        1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                          1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                            1. Wholesale Distribution
                                            2. By End User
                                              1. Men
                                                1. Women
                                                  1. Unisex
                                                2. U.S.
                                                  1. By Product Type
                                                    1. Leather Footwear
                                                      1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                        1. Leather Apparel
                                                          1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                            1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                              1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                              2. By Source
                                                                1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                  1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                    1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                    2. By Application
                                                                      1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                        1. Footwear
                                                                          1. Automotive
                                                                            1. Furniture
                                                                              1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                              2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                  1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                    1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                      1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                      2. By End User
                                                                                        1. Men
                                                                                          1. Women
                                                                                            1. Unisex
                                                                                          2. Canada
                                                                                        2. Europe
                                                                                          1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                            1. By Product Type
                                                                                              1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                  1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                    1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                      1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                        1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                        2. By Source
                                                                                                          1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                            1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                              1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                              2. By Application
                                                                                                                1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                  1. Footwear
                                                                                                                    1. Automotive
                                                                                                                      1. Furniture
                                                                                                                        1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                        2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                          1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                            1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                              1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                2. By End User
                                                                                                                                  1. Men
                                                                                                                                    1. Women
                                                                                                                                      1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                    2. U.K.
                                                                                                                                      1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                        1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                                                          1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                                                            1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                                                              1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                                                                1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                                                                  1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                                                                  2. By Source
                                                                                                                                                    1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                                                                      1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                                                                        1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                                                                        2. By Application
                                                                                                                                                          1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                                                            1. Footwear
                                                                                                                                                              1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                1. Furniture
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                  2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                          2. By End User
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Men
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Women
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Germany
                                                                                                                                                                              3. France
                                                                                                                                                                              4. Spain
                                                                                                                                                                              5. Italy
                                                                                                                                                                              6. Russia
                                                                                                                                                                              7. Nordic
                                                                                                                                                                              8. Benelux
                                                                                                                                                                              9. Rest of Europe
                                                                                                                                                                            2. APAC
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                                                                                                                1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. By Source
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. By Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Furniture
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. By End User
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. China
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. By Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. By Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Furniture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. By End User
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Korea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Japan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. India
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Australia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Singapore
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7. Taiwan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  8. South East Asia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9. Rest of Asia-Pacific
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Middle East and Africa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. By Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. By Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Furniture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. By End User
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. UAE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. By Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. By Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Furniture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. By End User
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Turky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Saudi Arabia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. South Africa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. Egypt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6. Nigeria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7. Rest of MEA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. LATAM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. By Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. By Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Furniture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. By End User
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Brazil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Leather Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Leather Bags, Wallets & Accessories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Leather Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Automotive Leather (Seats & Interiors)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Furniture & Upholstery Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Industrial Leather Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. By Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Genuine Leather (Animal Hide)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Synthetic Leather (PU, PVC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bio-Based & Plant-Based Leather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. By Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fashion & Apparel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Footwear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Furniture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Industrial & Safety Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Offline Retail (Specialty & Department Stores)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Online E-commerce Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Brand-Owned Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wholesale Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. By End User
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Unisex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Argentina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4. Chile
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          5. Colombia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          6. Rest of LATAM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Competitive Landscape, 2024
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Leather and Allied Products Market Share Analysis, 2024 (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Competition Ranking, 2024
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Key Developments & Growth Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Merger & Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Product Launch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4. Consolidated SWOT Analysis of Key Players
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Company Profile
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adidas AG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Business Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Financial Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Key Product domains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4. Recent Developments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Nike, Inc.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Kering SA (Gucci, Saint Laurent, Balenciaga)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. Hermès International S.A.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5. LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        6. VF Corporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7. Puma SE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        8. ECCO Sko A/S
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        9. Wolverine World Wide, Inc.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        10. Clarks International