Global Fabric Freshener Market Size, Share & Demand Report By Product Type (Spray-Based, Aerosol, Electric Diffuser, Scent Beads & Capsules, Fabric Softener-Integrated, Natural & Organic), By Fragrance Type (Floral, Fruity, Woody & Musky, Fresh & Clean, Customized/Seasonal), By Distribution Channel (Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Convenience Stores, Online Retail, Specialty Stores, D2C), By End Use (Residential, Commercial, Automotive, Laundry Services, Healthcare), and By Region — Forecasts, 2025–2030

Report Code: RI1368PUB
Last Updated : November, 2025
Author : Harper Lewis

Table of Contents

  1. Executive Summary
    1. Introduction
  2. Market Introduction
    1. Market Definition
    2. Scope of the Study
    3. Market Structure
  3. Research Methodology
    1. Primary Research
    2. Research Methodology
    3. Assumptions & Exclusions
    4. Secondary Data Sources
  4. Market Factor Analysis
    1. Value Chain Analysis: Fabric Freshener Market
    2. Porters Five Forces Analysis
      1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
      2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
      3. Threat of Substitution
      4. Threat of New Entrants
      5. Competitive Rivalry
  5. Market Dynamics
    1. Drivers
    2. Restraints
    3. Opportunities
  6. Recent Trends Analysis
  7. Impact of COVID-19 on Fabric Freshener Market
    1. Pre and Post Covid -19 Market Scenario Analysis
    2. Market Recovery Timeline and Challenge
    3. Measures Taken by Top Players
  8. Regulatory Landscape
  9. Fabric Freshener Market, By Product Type
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Product Type
    2. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    5. Scent Beads & Capsules
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    6. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    7. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  10. Fabric Freshener Market, By Fragrance Type
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Fragrance Type
    2. Floral
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Fruity
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Woody & Musky
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    5. Fresh & Clean
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    6. Customized/Seasonal Blends
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  11. Fabric Freshener Market, By Distribution Channel
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Distribution Channel
    2. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Convenience Stores
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Online Retail
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    5. Specialty Household Stores
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    6. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  12. Fabric Freshener Market, By End Use
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By End Use
    2. Residential
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    3. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    4. Automotive
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    5. Laundry Service Providers
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
    6. Healthcare Facilities
      1. Market Size and Forecast, By Region
  13. Regional Overview
    1. Introduction
      1. Market Size and Forecast
    2. North America
      1. Market Size and Forecast
        1. By Product Type
          1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
            1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
              1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                  1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                    1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                    2. By Fragrance Type
                      1. Floral
                        1. Fruity
                          1. Woody & Musky
                            1. Fresh & Clean
                              1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                              2. By Distribution Channel
                                1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                  1. Convenience Stores
                                    1. Online Retail
                                      1. Specialty Household Stores
                                        1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                        2. By End Use
                                          1. Residential
                                            1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                              1. Automotive
                                                1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                  1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                2. U.S.
                                                  1. By Product Type
                                                    1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                      1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                        1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                          1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                            1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                              1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                              2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                1. Floral
                                                                  1. Fruity
                                                                    1. Woody & Musky
                                                                      1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                        1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                        2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                          1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                            1. Convenience Stores
                                                                              1. Online Retail
                                                                                1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                  1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                  2. By End Use
                                                                                    1. Residential
                                                                                      1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                        1. Automotive
                                                                                          1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                            1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                          2. Canada
                                                                                        2. Europe
                                                                                          1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                            1. By Product Type
                                                                                              1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                  1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                    1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                      1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                        1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                        2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                          1. Floral
                                                                                                            1. Fruity
                                                                                                              1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                  1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                  2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                    1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                      1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                        1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                          1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                            1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                            2. By End Use
                                                                                                                              1. Residential
                                                                                                                                1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                  1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                    1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                      1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                    2. U.K.
                                                                                                                                      1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                        1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                          1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                            1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                              1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                                                                1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                  1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                  2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                                                                    1. Floral
                                                                                                                                                      1. Fruity
                                                                                                                                                        1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                                                          1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                                                            1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                                                            2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                              1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                                                                1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                                                                      2. By End Use
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Residential
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Germany
                                                                                                                                                                              3. France
                                                                                                                                                                              4. Spain
                                                                                                                                                                              5. Italy
                                                                                                                                                                              6. Russia
                                                                                                                                                                              7. Nordic
                                                                                                                                                                              8. Benelux
                                                                                                                                                                              9. Rest of Europe
                                                                                                                                                                            2. APAC
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                                                                                                                1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Floral
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fruity
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. By End Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Residential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. China
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Floral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fruity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. By End Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Residential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Korea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Japan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. India
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Australia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Singapore
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7. Taiwan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  8. South East Asia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  9. Rest of Asia-Pacific
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Middle East and Africa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Floral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fruity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. By End Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Residential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. UAE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Floral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fruity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. By End Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Residential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Turky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Saudi Arabia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. South Africa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. Egypt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6. Nigeria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7. Rest of MEA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. LATAM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Market Size and Forecast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Floral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fruity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. By End Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Residential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Brazil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. By Product Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spray-Based Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Aerosol Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electric Diffuser Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Scent Beads & Capsules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fabric Softener-Integrated Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Natural & Organic Fabric Fresheners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. By Fragrance Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Floral
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fruity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Woody & Musky
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fresh & Clean
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Customized/Seasonal Blends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. By Distribution Channel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Convenience Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Online Retail
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Specialty Household Stores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. By End Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Residential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Commercial (Hotels, Offices, Gyms)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Laundry Service Providers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Healthcare Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Mexico
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Argentina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4. Chile
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          5. Colombia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          6. Rest of LATAM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Competitive Landscape, 2024
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Fabric Freshener Market Share Analysis, 2024 (%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Competition Ranking, 2024
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Key Developments & Growth Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Merger & Acquisition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Product Launch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4. Consolidated SWOT Analysis of Key Players
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Company Profile
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Procter & Gamble Co.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Business Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Financial Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Key Product domains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4. Recent Developments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Reckitt Benckiser Group plc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. SC Johnson & Son, Inc.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. Unilever plc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5. Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        6. Church & Dwight Co., Inc.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7. Kao Corporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        8. The Clorox Company
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        9. 3M Company
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        10. Lion Corporation